Visual Studio Python

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Install Python support in Visual Studio. Write and edit code. Debug your code. Write and run tests. Use the interactive REPL. Manage Python environments. Write C/C extensions for Python.

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  • Python Tools for Visual Studio. Ann: PTVS is now part of theAzure Machine Learning group! An integrated environment for developing Python in Visual Studio by Microsoft. PTVS is a free/OSS plugin that turns Visual Studio into a Python IDE.
  • A Python language pack for Visual Studio Code. Supports syntax highlighting, snippets and linting (see requirements below). Linting can be customised with a.pylintrc(pyLint) or setup.cfg(flake8) file in the root of the current working directory.

Flask is a lightweight Python framework for web applications that provides the basics for URL routing and page rendering.

Flask is called a 'micro' framework because it doesn't directly provide features like form validation, database abstraction, authentication, and so on. Such features are instead provided by special Python packages called Flask extensions. The extensions integrate seamlessly with Flask so that they appear as if they are part of Flask itself. For example, Flask itself doesn't provide a page template engine. Templating is provided by extensions such as Jinja and Jade, as demonstrated in this tutorial.

In this tutorial, you learn how to:

  • Create a basic Flask project in a Git repository using the 'Blank Flask Web Project' template (step 1)
  • Create a Flask app with one page and render that page using a template (step 2)
  • Serve static files, add pages, and use template inheritance (step 3)
  • Use the Flask Web Project template to create an app with multiple pages and responsive design (step 4)
  • Use the Polls Flask Web Project template to create an polling app that uses a variety of storage options (Azure storage, MongoDB, or memory).

Over the course of these steps you create a single Visual Studio solution that contains three separate projects. You create the project using different Flask project templates that are included with Visual Studio. By keeping the projects in the same solution, you can easily switch back and forth between different files for comparison.

Visual studio code python package manager

In this tutorial, you learn how to:

  • Create a basic Flask project in a Git repository using the 'Blank Flask Web Project' template (step 1)
  • Create a Flask app with one page and render that page using a template (step 2)
  • Serve static files, add pages, and use template inheritance (step 3)
  • Use the Flask Web Project template to create an app with multiple pages and responsive design (step 4)

Over the course of these steps you create a single Visual Studio solution that contains two separate projects. You create the project using different Flask project templates that are included with Visual Studio. By keeping the projects in the same solution, you can easily switch back and forth between different files for comparison.

Note

This tutorial differs from the Flask Quickstart in that you learn more about Flask as well as how to use the different Flask project templates that provide a more extensive starting point for your own projects. For example, the project templates automatically install the Flask package when creating a project, rather than needing you to install the package manually as shown in the Quickstart.

Prerequisites

  • Visual Studio 2017 or later on Windows with the following options:
    • The Python development workload (Workload tab in the installer). For instructions, see Install Python support in Visual Studio.
    • Git for Windows and GitHub Extension for Visual Studio on the Individual components tab under Code tools.

Flask project templates are included with all earlier versions of Python Tools for Visual Studio, though details may differ from what's discussed in this tutorial.

Python development is not presently supported in Visual Studio for Mac. On Mac and Linux, use the Python extension in Visual Studio Code.

Step 1-1: Create a Visual Studio project and solution

  1. In Visual Studio, select File > New > Project, search for 'Flask', and select the Blank Flask Web Project template. (The template is also found under Python > Web in the left-hand list.)

  2. In the fields at the bottom of the dialog, enter the following information (as shown in the previous graphic), then select OK:

    • Name: set the name of the Visual Studio project to BasicProject. This name is also used for the Flask project.
    • Location: specify a location in which to create the Visual Studio solution and project.
    • Solution name: set to LearningFlask, which is appropriate for the solution as a container for multiple projects in this tutorial.
    • Create directory for solution: Leave set (the default).
    • Create new Git repository: Select this option (which is clear by default) so that Visual Studio creates a local Git repository when it creates the solution. If you don't see this option, run the Visual Studio installer and add the Git for Windows and GitHub Extension for Visual Studio on the Individual components tab under Code tools.

  3. After a moment, Visual Studio prompts you with a dialog saying This project requires external packages (shown below). This dialog appears because the template includes a requirements.txt file referencing the latest Flask 1.x package. (Select Show required packages to see the exact dependencies.)

  4. Select the option I will install them myself. You create the virtual environment shortly to make sure it's excluded from source control. (The environment can always be created from requirements.txt.)

Step 1-2: Examine the Git controls and publish to a remote repository

Because you selected the Create new Git repository in the New Project dialog, the project is already committed to local source control as soon as the creation process is complete. In this step, you familiarize yourself with Visual Studio's Git controls and the Team Explorer window in which you work with source control.

  1. Examine the Git controls on the bottom corner of the Visual Studio main window. From left to right, these controls show unpushed commits, uncommitted changes, the name of the repository, and the current branch:

    Note

    If you don't select the Create new Git repository in the New Project dialog, the Git controls show only an Add to source control command that creates a local repository.

  2. Select the changes button, and Visual Studio opens its Team Explorer window on the Changes page. Because the newly created project is already committed to source control automatically, you don't see any pending changes.

  3. On the Visual Studio status bar, select the unpushed commits button (the up arrow with 2) to open the Synchronization page in Team Explorer. Because you have only a local repository, the page provides easy options to publish the repository to different remote repositories.

    You can choose whichever service you want for your own projects. This tutorial shows the use of GitHub, where the completed sample code for the tutorial is maintained in the Microsoft/python-sample-vs-learning-flask repository.

  4. When selecting any of the Publish controls, Team Explorer prompts you for more information. For example, when publishing the sample for this tutorial, the repository itself had to be created first, in which case the Push to Remote Repository option was used with the repository's URL.

    If you don't have an existing repository, the Publish to GitHub and Push to Azure DevOps options let you create one directly from within Visual Studio.

  5. As you work through this tutorial, get into the habit of periodically using the controls in Visual Studio to commit and push changes. This tutorial reminds you at appropriate points.

Tip

To quickly navigate within Team Explorer, select the header (that reads Changes or Push in the images above) to see a pop-up menu of the available pages.

Question: What are some advantages of using source control from the beginning of a project?

Answer: First of all, using source control from the start, especially if you also use a remote repository, provides a regular offsite backup of your project. Unlike maintaining a project just on a local file system, source control also provides a complete change history and the easy ability to revert a single file or the whole project to a previous state. That change history helps determine the cause of regressions (test failures). Furthermore, source control is essential if multiple people are working on a project, as it manages overwrites and provides conflict resolution. Finally, source control, which is fundamentally a form of automation, sets you up well for automating builds, testing, and release management. It's really the first step in using DevOps for a project, and because the barriers to entry are so low, there's really no reason to not use source control from the beginning.

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For further discussion on source control as automation, see The Source of Truth: The Role of Repositories in DevOps, an article in MSDN Magazine written for mobile apps that applies also to web apps.

Question: Can I prevent Visual Studio from auto-committing a new project?

Answer: Yes. To disable auto-commit, go to the Settings page in Team Explorer, select Git > Global settings, clear the option labeled Commit changes after merge by default, then select Update.

Step 1-3: Create the virtual environment and exclude it from source control

Now that you've configured source control for your project, you can create the virtual environment the necessary Flask packages that the project requires. You can then use Team Explorer to exclude the environment's folder from source control.

  1. In Solution Explorer, right-click the Python Environments node and select Add Virtual Environment.

  2. An Add Virtual Environment dialog appears, with a message saying We found a requirements.txt file. This message indicates that Visual Studio uses that file to configure the virtual environment.

  3. Select Create to accept the defaults. (You can change the name of the virtual environment if you want, which just changes the name of its subfolder, but env is a standard convention.)

  4. Consent to administrator privileges if prompted, then be patient for a few minutes while Visual Studio downloads and installs packages, which for Flask and its dependencies means expanding about a thousand files in over 100 subfolders. You can see progress in the Visual Studio Output window. While you're waiting, ponder the Question sections that follow. You can also see a description of Flask's dependencies on the Flask installation page (flask.pcocoo.org).

  5. On the Visual Studio Git controls (on the status bar), select the changes indicator (that shows 99*) which opens the Changes page in Team Explorer.

    Creating the virtual environment brought in hundreds of changes, but you don't need to include any of them in source control because you (or anyone else cloning the project) can always recreate the environment from requirements.txt.

    To exclude the virtual environment, right-click the env folder and select Ignore these local items.

  6. After excluding the virtual environment, the only remaining changes are to the project file and .gitignore. The .gitignore file contains an added entry for the virtual environment folder. You can double-click the file to see a diff.

  7. Enter a commit message and select the Commit All button, then push the commits to your remote repository if you like.

Question: Why do I want to create a virtual environment?

Answer: A virtual environment is a great way to isolate your app's exact dependencies. Such isolation avoids conflicts within a global Python environment, and aids both testing and collaboration. Over time, as you develop an app, you invariably bring in many helpful Python packages. By keeping packages in a project-specific virtual environment, you can easily update the project's requirements.txt file that describes that environment, which is included in source control. When the project is copied to any other computers, including build servers, deployment servers, and other development computers, it's easy to recreate the environment using only requirements.txt (which is why the environment doesn't need to be in source control). For more information, see Use virtual environments.

Question: How do I remove a virtual environment that's already committed to source control?

Answer: First, edit your .gitignore file to exclude the folder: find the section at the end with the comment # Python Tools for Visual Studio (PTVS) and add a new line for the virtual environment folder, such as /BasicProject/env. (Because Visual Studio doesn't show the file in Solution Explorer, open it directly using the File > Open > File menu command. You can also open the file from Team Explorer: on the Settings page, select Repository Settings, go to the Ignore & Attributes Files section, then select the Edit link next to .gitignore.)

Second, open a command window, navigate to the folder like BasicProject that contains the virtual environment folder such as env, and run git rm -r env. Then commit those changes from the command line (git commit -m 'Remove venv') or commit from the Changes page of Team Explorer.

Visual Studio Python

Step 1-4: Examine the boilerplate code

  1. Once project creation completes, you see the solution and project in Solution Explorer, where the project contains only two files, app.py and requirements.txt:

  2. As noted earlier, the requirements.txt file specifies the Flask package dependency. The presence of this file is what invites you to create a virtual environment when first creating the project.

  3. The single app.py file contains three parts. First is an import statement for Flask, creating an instance of the Flask class, which is assigned to the variable app, and then assigning a wsgi_app variable (which is useful when deploying to a web host, but not used at present):

  4. The second part, at the end of the file, is a bit of optional code that starts the Flask development server with specific host and port values taken from environment variables (defaulting to localhost:5555):

  5. Third is a short bit of code that assigns a function to a URL route, meaning that the function provides the resource identified by the URL. You define routes using Flask's @app.route decorator, whose argument is the relative URL from the site root. As you can see in the code, the function here returns only a text string, which is enough for a browser to render. In the steps that follow you render richer pages with HTML.

Question: What is the purpose of the name argument to the Flask class?

Answer: The argument is the name of the app's module or package, and tells Flask where to look for templates, static files, and other resources that belong to the app. For apps contained in a single module, __name__ is always the proper value. It's also important for extensions that need debugging information. For more information, and additional arguments, see the Flask class documentation (flask.pocoo.org).

Question: Can a function have more than one route decorator?

Answer: Yes, you can use as many decorators as you want if the same function serves multiple routes. For example, to use the hello function for both '/' and '/hello', use the following code:

Question: How does Flask work with variable URL routes and query parameters?

Answer: In a route, you mark any variable with <variable_name>, and Flask passes the variable to the function using a named argument in the URL path. For example, a route in the form of /hello/<name> generates a string argument called name to the function. Query parameters are available through the request.args property, specifically through the request.args.get method. For more information, see The Request object in the Flask documentation.

To change the type, prefix the variable with int, float, path (which accepts slashes to delineate folder names), and uuid. For details, see Variable rules in the Flask documentation.

Question: Can Visual Studio generate a requirements.txt file from a virtual environment after I install other packages?

Answer: Yes. Expand the Python Environments node, right-click your virtual environment, and select the Generate requirements.txt command. It's good to use this command periodically as you modify the environment, and commit changes to requirements.txt to source control along with any other code changes that depend on that environment. If you set up continuous integration on a build server, you should generate the file and commit changes whenever you modify the environment.

Step 1-5: Run the project

  1. In Visual Studio, select Debug > Start Debugging (F5) or use the Web Server button on the toolbar (the browser you see may vary):

  2. Either command assigns a random port number to the PORT environment variable, then runs python app.py. The code starts the app using that port within Flask's development server. If Visual Studio says Failed to start debugger with a message about having no startup file, right-click app.py in Solution Explorer and select Set as Startup File.

  3. When the server starts, you see a console window open that displays the server log. Visual Studio then automatically opens a browser to http://localhost:<port>, where you should see the message rendered by the hello function:

  4. When you're done, stop the server by closing the console window, or by using the Debug > Stop Debugging command in Visual Studio.

Question: What's the difference between using the Debug menu commands and the server commands on the project's Python submenu?

Answer: In addition to the Debug menu commands and toolbar buttons, you can also launch the server using the Python > Run server or Python > Run debug server commands on the project's context menu. Both commands open a console window in which you see the local URL (localhost:port) for the running server. However, you must manually open a browser with that URL, and running the debug server does not automatically start the Visual Studio debugger. You can attach a debugger to the running process later, if you want, using the Debug > Attach to Process command.

Next steps

At this point, the basic Flask project contains the startup code and page code in the same file. It's best to separate these two concerns, and to also separate HTML and data by using templates.

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Go deeper

Visual Studio Code Python Package Manager

  • Flask Quickstart (flask.pocoo.org)
  • Tutorial source code on GitHub: Microsoft/python-sample-vs-learning-flask